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顾我失她
Account 、Accounting
Account 有很多意思,常见的主要是“说明、解释;计算、帐单;银行帐户”。例如:
1、 He gave me a full account of his plan。
他把计划给我做了完整的说明。
2、 Charge it to my account。
把它记在我的帐上。
3、 Cashier:Good afternoon。Can I help you ?
银行出纳:下午好,能为您做什么?
Man :I'd like to open a bank account 。
男人:我想开一个银行存款帐户。
还有 account title(帐户名称、会计科目)、income account(收益帐户)、account book(帐簿)等。
在 account 后面加上词缀 ing 就成为 accounting ,其意义也相应变为会计、会计学。例如:
1、Accounting is a process of recording, classifying,summarizing and interpreting of those business activities that can be expressed in monetary terms。
会计是一个以货币形式对经济活动进行记录、分类、汇总以及解释的过程。
2、It has been said that Accounting is the language of business。
据说会计是“商业语言”
3、Accounting is one of the fastest growing profession in the modern business world。
会计是当今经济社会中发展最快的职业之一。
4、Financial Accounting and Managerial Accounting are two major specialized fields in Accounting。
财务会计和管理会计是会计的两个主要的专门领域。
其他还有 accounting profession(会计职业)、accounting elements(会计要素)等。
Accountant 比Account只多ant三个字母,其意思是会计师、会计人员。例如:
1、A certified public accountant or CPA, as the term is usually abbreviated, must pass a series of examinations, after which he or she receives a certificate。
注册会计师(或,注册会计师的缩写),必须通过一系列考试方可取得证书。
2、Private accountant , also called executive or administrative accountant, handle the financial records of a business。
私人会计师,也叫做主管或行政会计师,负责处理公司的财务帐目。
总之,这三个词,有很深的渊源关系。
Assets、Liabilities
这三个词分别是资产、负债和所有者权益,是会计等式的三个要素。
Assets 这个词表示资产时一定要用复数形式,即词尾要有 “s”。如果不用复数形式,就成为“宝物,天赋、技能”的意思。例如:
1、 Assets are properties that are owned and have monetary values;for instance,cash,inventory,buildings,equipment。
资产是指企业所拥有的'、具有货币价值的财产,如现金、存货、建筑物、设备。
2、 Assets are the economic resources that are owned or controlled by a business and can be expressed in monetary units。
资产是由企业拥有或控制并能用货币计量的经济资源。
3、 Assets can be classified into current assets and non—current assets 。
资产可以划分为流动资产和非流动资产。
Liabilities 是liability 的复数形式。它的意思是法律上的责任、义务。如 liability for an accident (肇事的责任);liability to pay taxes (纳税的义务)。只有其为复数形式 liabilities 时才表示负债、债务的意思。例如:
1、 Liabilities are the obligations or debt that a business must pay in money or services at some time in the future。
负债是指将来需用货币或服务偿还的债务或履行的义务。
2、 Liabilities are amounts owned to outsiders, such as notes payable, accounts payable, bonds payable。
负债是欠外部的数额,如应付票据、应付帐款、应付债券。
Owner's equity 是由 owner (所有者、业主)和equity (权益)构成为“业主权益”。例如:
1、 Owner's equity represents the owner's interest in or claim upon a business net assets which is the deference between the amount of assets and the amount of liabilities。
业主权益代表业主对企业净资产的权益或要求权,净资产是指企业的资产总额与负债之间的差额。
2、 Capital is the interest of the owners in an enterprise。 Also known as owner's equity。
资本是企业所有者的利益,也称为业主权益。
3、 Owner's equity include owner “s investment in a business and accumulated operating results since the beginning of the operation。
业主权益包括业主的投资以及企业自开业以来积累的经营成果。
上述会计要素相互之间的关系用一个简单的数学公式来表示,就是
会计恒等式。
Assets=Liabilities+Owner's equity
资产=负债+业主权益
Ledgers 和 Journals
Ledgers 在簿记上是分类帐的意思,可以和其他词汇搭配,构成许多会计词汇。如ledger accounts(分类帐户)、general ledger(总分类帐)、subsidiary ledger(明细分类帐)等。例如:
1、 Ledger accounts are used to record business transactions' effect on an accounting entity。
分类帐户被用来记录交易对会计主体的影响。
2、 A ledger account is simply a record of changes (increase and decrease)and balances in value of a specific accounting item。
分类帐户不过是特定会计项目价值的变动(增加与减少)和结余的记录。
3、 The general ledger is the book used to list all the accounts established by an organization。
总分类帐是一本列出一个单位所设立的全部帐户的帐本。
4、 Further simplification of the general ledger is brought about by the use of subsidiary ledger。
使用明细分类帐使总分类帐更加简化明了。
5、 The advantages of subsidiary ledger are as following:(1)reduces ledger detail ;(2)permits better division of labor;(3)permits a different sequence of accounts;(4)permits better internal control。
明细分类帐的优点如下;(1)减少分类帐的细节;(2)使劳动分工更合理;(3)允许不同的帐户排序(4)便于更好地内部控制。
Journal 比较常用的意思是“日记、日志;杂志、刊物”,如keep a journal (记日志)、a ship's journal (航海日志),a monthly journal (月刊),单词 diary 也有“日记”的意思,但journal 比 diary 更强调“正式记录”。Journal 在会计词汇上的意思是“日记帐”。例如:
1、 In a western accounting system ,the information about each business transaction is initially recorded in an accounting record called a Journal。
在西方会计体系中,有关每笔经济交易的资料最初是记在一本叫做“日记帐”的会计帐上。
2、 A journal is a chronological(arrange in order of time ) record of business transactions。
日记帐是对经济交易的序时(即按时间的顺序)记录。
3、 In a journal entry, the debits and credits for given transaction are recorded together, but when the transaction is recorded in the ledger, the debits and credits are entered in different accounts。
在日记帐上记帐时,既定交易的借方和贷方一起被记录,但在分类帐记录中,一笔交易的借方和贷方进入不同的帐户中。
4、 A journal may be a general journal or it may be a group of special journals。
日记帐可以是一本通用日记帐,也可以是一组特种日记帐。
暖树旧梦凉城深巷
负债是指企业过去的交易或者事项形成的,预期会导致经济利益流出企业的现时义务。
我国《企业会计准则》的定义为:负债是企业所承担的能以货币计量、需以资产或劳务偿还的债务。
根据负债的定义,负债具有以下特征:
1、负债是企业承担的现时义务;
2、负债的清偿预期会导致经济利益流出企业;
3、负债是由过去的交易或事项形成的。
扩展资料:
负债的分类
1、流动负债是指将在1年或超过1年的一个营业周期内偿还的债务,主要包括短期借款、应付票据、应付账款、预收货款、应付职工薪酬、应交税费、应付利润、其他应付款、预提费用等。
2、长期负债是指偿还期在1年或超过1年的一个营业周期以上的债务,包括长期借款、应付债券、长期应付款等。
负债的条件
1、与该义务有关的经济利益很可能流出企业;
2、未来流出的经济利益的金额能够可靠地计量。
参考资料来源:百度百科-负债
勿妄
我明白你的意思,你大体问的是concept,principle,convension... 我分类是搞不清楚的,因为书上都不是放在一个chapter里讲的。当时学F3的时候我也很糊涂,现在也帮自己小结下,给你做参考: Going Concern Accountants assume,unless there is evidence to the contrary, that a company is not going broke. This has important implications for the valuation of assets and liabilities. 简单说就是会计通常假设企业会持续经营,如果企业不会持续经营的话就用break up basis很多会计处理上都不一样了. Accounting Period Concept 区别于日历年份,比如一个企业可以把它的accounting period定于:4月6日-下一年的4月5日。accounting period可以等于12个月,也可以大于或小于12个月。 Prudence According to this concept,revenues should be recognised only when they are realized,while expenses should be recognized as soon as they are reasonably possible. 谨慎性,简单说就是不要高估资产低估负债。 Matching Income should be properly "matched" with the expenses of a given accounting period. 收入和费用要配比。 dual aspect concept 有借必有贷,借贷必相等。 accrual concept 一笔收入在它产生的时候就该入账了,而不是一定要收到钱。 Monetary measurement Accountants do not account for items unless they can be quantified in monetary terms. Items that are not accounted for (unless someone is prepared to pay something for them) include things like workforce skill, morale, market leadership, brand recognition, quality of management etc. 一些其他数字,不是用钱衡量的,比如员工人数,不是monetary measurement,就不记在账里喽。 Separate Entity This convention seeks to ensure that private transactions and matters relating to the owners of a business are segregated from transactions that relate to the business. 区别于legal entity,即将企业与所有人区分开来。将企业看成一个经济体。比如在partnership中,partner的个人的花费不应计入企业费用中。尽管从法律上看,partner是unlimitied liability, partnership business和其所有人视为同一法人,business的负债等同于个人负债。会计上这两者是分开算账的^_^ Realisation Accounting records transactions from the historical perspective, i.e. it records transactions that have already occurred. It does not attempt to forecast events 记已经发生的transaction,不要forecast.比如预计明年的损失不能计入今年的账里。 Materiality An important convention. As we can see from the application of accounting standards and accounting policies, the preparation of accounts involves a high degree of judgement. Where decisions are required about the appropriateness of a particular accounting judgement, the "materiality" convention suggests that this should only be an issue if the judgement is "significant" or "material" to a user of the accounts. The concept of "materiality" is an important issue for auditors of financial accounts. 重要性原则,比如在审计中,只有material的事项才被考虑。 Consistency Transactions and valuation methods are treated the same way from year to year, or period to period. Users of accounts can, therefore, make more meaningful comparisons of financial performance from year to year. Where accounting policies are changed, companies are required to disclose this fact and explain the impact of any change. 会计处理要前后一致,比如原来用FIFO来算inventory,以后不要轻易改成其他的方式。否则两期报表就没法比较了。 Historical costAssets, services recorded at price or sacrifice incurred to acquire them.Changes in value of non-monetary assets ignored. Exchange values are ignored.历史成本原则,asset通常用历史成本入账,不过也会有revaluation和impairment.就想到这么多,英文很多是从别处copy的,中文解释是我现在的简单理解,而且不全面。抛砖引玉,其实每个concept都有很多很多详细说明和偶尔一些例外,以后会慢慢学到,我现在还没本事总结那么多呢。
Enemy敌人
那我就不太清楚了。不过我也是在国外上学的,老师从来没有把debtors跟creditors放在assets跟liability下面。也许你们老师这么写是为了illustrate别人欠你钱是你的assets,别人借给你钱是你得liability吧。。。debtors确实是债务人,creditors确实是债权人,所以他们既不是assets,也不是liabilities.我想,大概是你们老师把单词搞错了,确实,以or结尾的单词一般都是指什么什么人的。。。但是,与debtors对应的,就是debt,也就是债务,你欠别人的钱。所以这个应该归在liability里面,取决于这个债务的时效长短,可以分为current liability(18 months以内) 或者long-term liability而credits,也就是别人欠你的钱,则可以归再assets下面的accounts recievable里面。同样,也取决于这个债务的实效,也可以分为current assets 跟longterm assets。
七街旧友
您的老师一点都没搞错,他教您的做法是正确的。您所理解的这4个单词也没有错。Debtors是债务人Creditors是债权人 Assets是资产 liabilities是负债问题出现在您看待这4个单词的角度或者说位置。在公司的Balance Sheet 里,debtors 是指公司的债务人,也就是说公司是他的债权人,所以是属于公司的应收款,当然要列在公司的Current Assets 项。相同的,公司的Creditors(债权人),就是公司欠他的钱,属于公司的应付款;所以应当列在Liabilities 项下。希望我的解说您能听明白。您的概念还是有点混乱。Cash flow 就是现金流,记录款项的in 或者out。既然您已明白Debtors 是 account receivables,decreasing in debtors 就是debtors 少了,部分款已收回来,所以cash flow 帐上是正的。而Increasing in Creditors 是公司负债增加了。换句话说,就是又借了一笔款进来,所以记在cash flow 账上还是正的。这样Balance sheet 才能balance 起来。现应该明白为何债务增加及债权减少,现金都记为正的?